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. Establishing semantic interoperability between BIM and GIS is vital for geospatial information exchange. Semantic web have a natural ability to provide seamless semantic representation and integration among the heterogeneous domains like BIM and GIS through employing ontology. Ontology models can be defined (or generated) using domain-data representations and further aligned across other ontologies by the semantic similarity of their entities - introducing cross-domain ontologies to achieve interoperability of heterogeneous information. However, due to extensive semantic features and complex alignment (mapping) relations between BIM and GIS data formats, many approaches are far from generating semantically-rich ontologies and perform effective alignment to address geospatial interoperability. This study highlights the fundamental perspectives to be addressed for BIM and GIS interoperability and proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework for automatic ontology generation followed by ontology alignment of open-standards for BIM and GIS data formats. It presents an approach based on transformation patterns to automatically generate ontology models, and semantic-based and structure-based alignment techniques to form cross-domain ontology. Proposed two-phase framework provides ontology model generation for input XML schemas (i.e. of IFC and CityGML formats), and illustrates alignment technique to potentially develop a cross-domain ontology. The study concludes anticipated results of cross-domain ontology can provides future perspectives in knowledge-discovery applications and seamless information exchange for BIM and GIS.

TOWARDS THE AUTOMATIC ONTOLOGY GENERATION AND ALIGNMENT OF BIM AND GIS DATA FORMATS