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The first permanent magnetic observatories in colonial India were establishedby the East India Company and under the Göttingen Magnetic Union. One ofthe world's longest running observatories was set up at Colaba (Bombay) in1841, which was shifted to Alibag in 1904 to avoid electric traction effectson magnetic recordings. The observatory is located at the northwestern tip ofMaharashtra, India, on the Arabian Sea. The magnetic data at Colaba werecollected through eye-observation instruments from 1841 to 1872 and byphotographic (magnetograph) instruments from 1872 to 1905, which revealseasonal and other periodic effects on geomagnetic elements. Seasonalinfluence can be deciphered on the H minimum, but not on the maximum; thedisturbances in March and April were opposite to those in December andJanuary. D was maximum in 1880 (57' E) and minimum in 1904 (10' E).The data from 1882 to 1905 revealed that H annual inequality was influencedby 5.5-year periodicity, D by 13.5 days from 1888 to 1905, and I and Zby 11-year periodicity from 1894 to 1905 and 1873 to 1905, respectively.Secular variation of Z was parallel to that of I. Z exhibited anincreasing trend from 1868 (12 874 nT) to 1905 (15 083 nT). The plan andlocation of Colaba–Alibag as well as the instruments used are discussed. Theinitial Colaba magnetic data containing "magnetic disturbances" washarnessed to identify the "disturbing point" on Earth. Nanabhoy Moos, thefirst Indian director, presciently hinted at a solar origin for magneticdisturbances, revealed the dependence of magnetic elements on the sunspotcycle, unraveled disturbance daily variation, and tried to understand theassociation, if any, between geomagnetic, seismological and meteorologicalphenomena. The two giant volumes published in 1910 attest to Moos' seminalwork and his inventiveness in organizing and analyzing long series data. Healso had a major role in moving Colaba magnetic observatory to Alibag. Thus,the observatory and Moos had a synergestic relationship influencing eachother. The long data series has as much historical significance asscientific, which can bring out short- as well as long-term trends ingeomagnetic data

Colaba–Alibag magnetic observatory and Nanabhoy Moos: the influence of one over the other