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During the first half of 20th century, the dominant global tectonicsmodel based on Earth contraction had increasing problems accommodating newgeological evidence, with the result that alternative geodynamic theories wereinvestigated. Due to the level of scientific knowledge and the limitedamount of data available in many scientific disciplines at the time, notonly was contractionism considered a valid scientific theory but the debatealso included expansionism, mobilism on a fixed-dimension planet, orvarious combinations of these geodynamic hypotheses. Geologists andphysicists generally accepted that planets could change their dimensions,although the change of volume was generally believed to happen because of acontraction, not an expansion. Constant generation of new matter in theuniverse was a possibility accepted by science, as it was the variation inthe cosmological constants. Continental drift, instead, was a more heterodoxtheory, requiring a larger effort from the geoscientists to be accepted.  The new geological data collected in the following decades, an improvedknowledge of the physical processes, the increased resolution andpenetration of geophysical tools, and the sensitivity of measurements inphysics decreased the uncertainty level in many fields of science.Theorists now had less freedom for speculation because their theories had toaccommodate more data, and more limiting conditions to respect. Thisexplains the rapid replacement of contracting Earth, expanding Earth, andcontinental drift theories by plate tectonics once the symmetrical oceanicmagnetic striping was discovered, because none of the previous models couldexplain and incorporate the new oceanographic and geophysical data.  Expansionism could survive after the introduction of plate tectonics becauseits proponents have increasingly detached their theory from reality bysystematically rejecting or overlooking any contrary evidence, andselectively picking only the data that support expansion. Moreover, theproponents continue to suggest imaginative physical mechanisms to explain expansion,claiming that scientific knowledge is partial, and the many inconsistenciesof their theory are just minor problems in the face of the plain evidence ofexpansion. According to the expansionists, scientists should just wait forsome revolutionary discovery in fundamental physics that will explain allthe unsolved mysteries of Earth expansion.  The history of the expanding-Earth theory is an example of how falsifiedscientific hypotheses can survive their own failure, gradually shiftingtowards and beyond the limits of scientific investigation until they becomemerely pseudoscientific beliefs

The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief