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. Researching, compiling and analysing geophysical ideas and measurements inhistorical periods will contribute to the historical development of earthscience. Also, this is important for geophysicists working ontime-dependent (historical) data and revealing the physical properties of the earth. This paper is focused on the earth and its sciences (with concepts,ideas and measurements) in classical Islamic science in the Ottoman Empireand the evolution of these thoughts and concepts in the context of the transitionto modern science. The pre-modern period of science in Islamic geographies isrepresented by Aristotelian science and some original contributions. In thegeophysical sciences of the Ottoman Empire, earthquakes and weather events areexplained by his views and ideas. Modern concepts and scientificmeasurements of geophysical events such as magnetic, seismologic andmeteorologic events were systematically begun by observatories. Before this,there are some individual measurements.

Physical earth and its sciences in Istanbul: a journey from pre-modern (Islamic) to modern times