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. At a regional scale, high nitrate (NO 3 ‾ ) concentrations in upland surface waters generally occur in tandem with high nitrogen (N) deposition levels. However, significant differences in the patterns of surface water NO 3 ‾ concentration have been observed within areas of similar N deposition yet relatively few studies have been undertaken which examine within-region variation of NO 3 ‾ concentrations. A study of 76 lakes in Snowdonia, north Wales, an area of high deposition and sensitive catchments, was undertaken to assess variation in surface water NO 3 ‾ concentration across a 20 x 20 km grid square and to identify catchments vulnerable to NO 3 ‾ leaching. Nitrate concentrations vary considerably, particularly during winter when values range from 0.7 to 70 μeq l -1 . Although retention by vegetation and soil microbes in summer reduces the amount of NO 3 ‾ reaching the lakes, 37 % of sites are characterised by NO 3 ‾ concentrations greater then 4 μeq l -1 . The elevated concentrations occurring in summer suggests that N breakthrough has occurred. By examining the ratio of NO 3 ‾ to total strong acid anions, it is shown that NO 3 ‾ contributes significantly to freshwater acidity, particularly during the winter. Redundancy analysis shows that NO 3 ‾ leaching is greatest, both in winter and summer, in catchments with high proportions of bare rock where soil and vegetation cover is limited. Nitrogen cycling in these catchments, generally at higher altitudes, may no longer be governed by seasonal biological controls. They are likely to be saturated with respect to nitrogen (i.e. incapable of further N retention) as a result of the elevated deposition levels in the area. The contribution of NO 3 ‾ to acidity is also greatest at these sites. In winter, significant positive relationships are also evident between NO 3 ‾ concentration and soil pH and coniferous woodland. The study demonstrates the importance of catchment factors in modifying the relationship between N deposition and N leaching in upland catchments.

Spatial variability of nitrate concentration in lakes in Snowdonia, North Wales, UK