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. Baseflow to rivers comprises regional groundwater and lower-salinity intermediate water stores such as interflow, soil water, and bank returnflows. Chemical mass balance (CMB) calculations based on the specificconductivity (SC) of rivers potentially estimate the groundwater contribution to baseflow. This study discusses the application of the CMBapproach in rivers from south-eastern Australia and assesses the feasibility of calibrating recursive digital filters (RDFs) and sliding minima (SM)techniques based on streamflow data to estimate groundwater inflows. Thecommon strategy of assigning the SC of groundwater inflows based on thehighest annual river SC may not always be valid due to the persistentpresence of lower-salinity intermediate waters. Rather, using the river SC from low-flow periods during drought years may be more realistic. If that isthe case, the estimated groundwater inflows may be lower than expected,which has implications for assessing contaminant transport and the impactsof near-river groundwater extraction. Probably due to long-term variationsin the proportion of groundwater in baseflow, the RDF and SM techniquescannot generally be calibrated using the CMB results to estimate annualbaseflow proportions. Thus, it is not possible to extend the estimates ofgroundwater inflows using those methods, although in some catchmentsreasonable estimates of groundwater inflows can be made from annualstreamflows. Short-term variations in the composition of baseflow also lead to baseflow estimates made using the CMB method being far more irregular than expected. This study illustrates that estimating baseflow, especiallygroundwater inflows, is not straightforward.

Implications of variations in stream specific conductivity for estimating baseflow using chemical mass balance and calibrated hydrograph techniques