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. A comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of climate change on water resources of the West Africa Volta River basin is conductedin this study, as the region is expected to be hardest hit by globalwarming. A large ensemble of 12 general circulation models (GCMs) from the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that are dynamically downscaled by five regional climate models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Regional-climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX)-Africa is used. In total, 43 RCM–GCM combinations are considered under three representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). The reliability of each of the climate datasets is first evaluated with satellite and reanalysis reference datasets. Subsequently, the Rank Resampling for Distributions and Dependences (R2D2) multivariate bias correction method is applied to the climate datasets. The bias-corrected climate projections are then used as input to the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM) for hydrological projections over the 21st century (1991–2100). Results reveal contrasting dynamics in the seasonality of rainfall, depending on the selected greenhouse gas emission scenarios and the future projection periods. Although air temperature and potential evaporation increase under all RCPs, an increase in the magnitude of all hydrological variables (actual evaporation, total runoff, groundwater recharge, soil moisture, and terrestrial water storage) is only projected under RCP8.5. High- and low-flow analysis suggests an increased flood risk under RCP8.5, particularly in the Black Volta, while hydrological droughts would be recurrent under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, particularly in the White Volta. The evolutions of streamflow indicate a future delay in the date of occurrence of low flows up to 11 d under RCP8.5, while high flows could occur 6 d earlier (RCP2.6) or 5 d later (RCP8.5), as compared to the historical period. Disparities are observed in the spatial patterns of hydroclimatic variablesacross climatic zones, with higher warming in the Sahelian zone. Therefore,climate change would have severe implications for future water availabilitywith concerns for rain-fed agriculture, thereby weakening the water–energy–food security nexus and amplifying the vulnerability of thelocal population. The variability between climate models highlights uncertainties in the projections and indicates a need to better representcomplex climate features in regional models. These findings could serve as a guideline for both the scientific community to improve climate changeprojections and for decision-makers to elaborate adaptation and mitigationstrategies to cope with the consequences of climate change and strengthenregional socioeconomic development.

Contrasting changes in hydrological processes of the Volta River basin under global warming