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. Understanding concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationships can informcatchment solute and particulate export processes. Previous studies have shownthat the extent to which baseflow contributes to streamflow can affect C–Qrelationships in some catchments. However, the current understanding on theeffects of baseflow contribution in shaping the C–Q patterns is largelyderived from temperate catchments. As such, we still lack quantitativeunderstanding of these effects across a wide range of climates (e.g. arid,tropical and subtropical). The study aims to assess how baseflowcontributions, as defined by the median and the range of daily baseflowindices within individual catchments (BFI_m and BFI_range,respectively), influence C–Q slopes across 157 catchments in Australiaspanning five climate zones. This study focuses on six water qualityvariables: electrical conductivity (EC), total phosphorus (TP), solublereactive phosphorus (SRP), total suspended solids (TSS), the sum of nitrateand nitrite (NOx) and total nitrogen (TN). The impact of baseflowcontributions is explored with a novel Bayesian hierarchical model. For sediments and nutrient species (TSS, NOx, TN and TP), we generallysee largely positive C–Q slopes, which suggest a dominance of mobilizationexport patterns. Further, for TSS, NOx and TP we see strongermobilization (steeper positive C–Q slopes) in catchments with higher valuesin both the BFI_m and BFI_range, as these two metrics are positivelycorrelated for most catchments. The enhanced mobilization in catchments withhigher BFI_m or BFI_range is likely due to the more variable flowpathways that occur in catchments with higher baseflow contributions. Thesevariable flow pathways can lead to higher concentration gradients between lowflows and high flows, where the former is generally dominated bygroundwater/slow subsurface flow while the latter by surface water sources,respectively. This result highlights the crucial role of flow pathways indetermining catchment exports of solutes and particulates. Our study alsodemonstrates the need for further studies on how the temporal variations offlow regimes and baseflow contributions influence flow pathways and thepotential impacts of these flow pathways on catchment C–Q relationships.

hydrology and earth system sciences

Synthesizing the impacts of baseflow contribution on concentration–discharge (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;C&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;–&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Q&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) relationships across Australia using a Bayesian hierarchical model