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. Collection efficiency transfer functions that compensatefor wind-induced collection loss are presented and evaluated for unshieldedprecipitation gauges. Three novel transfer functions with wind speed andprecipitation fall velocity dependence are developed, including a functionfrom computational fluid dynamics modelling (CFD), an experimental fallvelocity threshold function (HE1), and an experimental linear fall velocitydependence function (HE2). These functions are evaluated alongside universal(KUniversal) and climate-specific (KCARE) transfer functions withwind speed and temperature dependence. Transfer function performance isassessed using 30 min precipitation event accumulations reported byunshielded and shielded Geonor T-200B3 precipitation gauges over two winterseasons. The latter gauge was installed in a Double Fence AutomatedReference (DFAR) configuration. Estimates of fall velocity were provided bythe Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS). The CFD function reducedthe RMSE (0.08 mm) relative to KUniversal (0.20 mm), KCARE (0.13 mm), and the unadjusted measurements (0.24 mm), with a bias error of0.011 mm. The HE1 function provided a RMSE of 0.09 mm and bias error of0.006 mm, capturing the collection efficiency trends for rain and snow well.The HE2 function better captured the overall collection efficiency,including mixed precipitation, resulting in a RMSE of 0.07 mm and bias errorof 0.006 mm. These functions are assessed across solid and liquidhydrometeor types and for temperatures between −22 and 19 ∘C. The results demonstrate that transfer functions incorporatinghydrometeor fall velocity can dramatically reduce the uncertainty ofadjusted precipitation measurements relative to functions based ontemperature.

Unshielded precipitation gauge collection efficiency with wind speed and hydrometeor fall velocity