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. Pore pressure is crucial in triggering debris slides andflows. Here we present measurements of groundwater pore pressure andtemperature recorded by a piezometer 1.6 m below the surface on a slopesusceptible to debris flows in western Norway. One of the largestoscillations in data collected over 4 years coincided with a debris flowevent on the slope that occurred during storm Hilde on 15–16 November 2013.More than 100 landslides were registered during the storm. Precipitationtotaled about 80–100 mm in 24 h, locally up to 129 mm, and anadditional trigger factor for the landslides was a rapid rise in airtemperature that caused snowmelt. In the studied slope a fraction of theprecipitation first fell as snow. On 15 November, the groundwater level inthe hillslope rose by 10 cm/h and reached 44 cm below the surface. Atthe same time, air temperature rose from 0 ∘C to over 8 ∘C, and the groundwater temperature dropped by 1.5 ∘C.The debris flow probably occurred late in the evening of 15 November, whenthe groundwater level reached its peak. Measurements of the groundwater inthe hillslope in the period 2010–2013 show that the event in 2013 was notexceptional. Storm Dagmar on 25–26 December 2011 caused a similar rise ingroundwater level but did not trigger any failures. The data suggest thatduring heavy rainstorms the slope is in a critical state for a landslide tobe triggered for a short time – about 4–5 h.

Groundwater fluctuations during a debris flow event in western Norway – triggered by rain and snowmelt