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. Evapotranspiration (ET) accompanied by water and heattransport in the hydrological cycle is a key component in regulating surfacearidity. Existing studies documenting changes in surface aridity havetypically estimated ET using semi-empirical equations or parameterizationsof land surface processes, which are based on the assumption that theparameters in the equation are stationary. However, plant physiologicaleffects and its responses to a changing environment are dynamicallymodifying ET, thereby challenging this assumption and limiting theestimation of long-term ET. In this study, the latent heat flux (ET inenergy units) and sensible heat flux were retrieved for recent decades on aglobal scale using a machine learning approach and driven by groundobservations from flux towers and weather stations. This study resulted inseveral findings; for example, the evaporative fraction (EF) – the ratio oflatent heat flux to available surface energy – exhibited a relativelydecreasing trend on fractional land surfaces. In particular, the decrease inEF was accompanied by an increase in long-term runoff as assessed byprecipitation (P) minus ET, accounting for 27.06 % of the global landareas. The signs are indicative of reduced surface conductance, whichfurther emphasizes that surface vegetation has major impacts in regulatingwater and energy cycles, as well as aridity variability.

Long-term relative decline in evapotranspiration with increasing runoff on fractional land surfaces