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Abstract. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) are a valuable tool for qualitative and quantitative examination of transport patterns in porous media. Althoughbreakthrough (BT) experiments are simple, they often require extensive sampling and multi-component chemical analysis. In this work, we examinespectral induced polarization (SIP) signals measured along a soil column during BT experiments in homogeneous and heterogeneous soil profiles. Soilprofiles were equilibrated with an NaCl background solution, and then a constant flow of either CaCl2 or ZnCl2 solutionwas applied. The SIP signature was recorded, and complementary ion analysis was performed on the collected outflow samples. Our results confirm thatchanges to the pore-water composition, ion exchange processes and profile heterogeneity are detectable by SIP: the real part of the SIP-based BTCsclearly indicated the BT of the non-reactive ions as well as the retarded BT of cations. The imaginary part of the SIP-based curves changed inresponse to the alteration of ion mobility around the electrical double layer (EDL) and indicated the initiation and the termination of the cationexchange reaction. Finally, both the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity changed in response to the presence of a coarsertextured layer in the heterogeneous profile.

Geophysically based analysis of breakthrough curves and ion exchange processes in soil