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. Urbanisation is an irreversible trend as a result ofsocial and economic development. Urban areas, with high concentration ofpopulation, key infrastructure, and businesses, are extremely vulnerable toflooding and may suffer severe socio-economic losses due to climate change.Urban flood modelling tools are in demand to predict surface waterinundation caused by intense rainfall and to manage associated flood risksin urban areas. These tools have been rapidly developing in recent decades.In this study, we present a comprehensive review of the advanced urban flood models and emerging approaches for predicting urban surface water flooding driven by intense rainfall. The study explores the advantages andlimitations of existing model types, highlights the most recent advances, and identifies major challenges. Issues of model complexities, scale effects, and computational efficiency are also analysed. The results will inform scientists, engineers, and decision-makers of the latest developments and guide the model selection based on desired objectives.

Urban surface water flood modelling – a comprehensive review of current models and future challenges