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. Spatial rainfall patterns exert a key control on the catchment-scale hydrologic response. Despite recent advances in radar-based rainfall sensing, rainfall observation remains a challenge, particularly inmountain environments. This paper analyzes the importance of high-densityrainfall observations for a 13.4 km2 catchment located in the SwissAlps, where rainfall events were monitored during 3 summer months using anetwork of 12 low-cost, drop-counting rain gauges. We developed a data-based analysis framework to assess the importance of high-density rainfallobservations to help predict the hydrological response. The frameworkinvolves the definition of spatial rainfall distribution metrics based onhydrological and geomorphological considerations and a regression analysisof how these metrics explain the hydrologic response in terms of runoffcoefficient and lag time. The gained insights on dominant predictors arethen used to investigate the optimal rain gauge network density forpredicting the streamflow response metrics, including an extensive test ofthe effect of down-sampled rain gauge networks and an event-basedrainfall–runoff model to evaluate the resulting optimal rain gauge networkconfiguration. The analysis unravels that, besides rainfall amount andintensity, the rainfall distance from the outlet along the stream network isa key spatial rainfall metric. This result calls for more detailedobservations of stream network expansions and the parameterizationof along-stream processes in rainfall–runoff models. In addition, despitethe small spatial scale of this case study, the results show that anaccurate representation of the rainfall field (with at least three raingauges) is of prime importance for capturing the key characteristics of thehydrologic response in terms of generated runoff volumes and delay for thestudied catchment (0.22 rain gauges per square kilometer). The potential ofthe developed rainfall monitoring and analysis framework for rainfall–runoff analysis in small catchments remains to be fully unraveled in future studies, potentially also including urban catchments.

Benefits from high-density rain gauge observations for hydrological response analysis in a small alpine catchment