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. The spatiotemporal variability of rainfall in the dry (October–March)and wet (April–September) seasons over eastern China is examined from 1901–2016 based on thegridded rainfall dataset from the University of East Anglia Climatic ResearchUnit. Principal component analysis is employed to identifythe dominant variability modes, wavelet coherence is utilized to investigatethe spectral features of the leading modes of precipitation and their coherenceswith the large-scale modes of climate variability, and the Bayesian dynamicallinear model is adopted to quantify the time-varying correlations betweenclimate variability modes and rainfall in the dry and wet seasons. Results showthat first and second principal components (PCs) account for 34.2 %(16.1 %) and 13.4 % (13.9 %) of the variance in the dry (wet) season, andtheir variations are roughly coincident with phase shifts of the ElNiño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in both seasons. The anomalous moisturefluxes responsible for the occurrence of precipitation events in easternChina exhibit an asymmetry between high and light rainfall years in the dry(wet) season. The ENSO has a 4- to 8-year signal of the statistically positive(negative) association with rainfall during the dry (wet) season over easternChina. The statistically significant positive (negative) associationsbetween the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and precipitation are found with a9- to 15-year (4- to 7-year) signal. The impacts of the PDO on rainfall ineastern China exhibit multiple timescales as compared to the ENSO episodes,while the PDO triggers a stronger effect on precipitation in the wet season than the dryhalf year. The interannual and interdecadal variations in rainfall overeastern China are substantially modulated by drivers originated from the PacificOcean. During the wet season, the ENSO exerted a gradually weakening effect oneastern China rainfall from 1901 to 2016, while the effects of the PDO decreasedbefore the 1980s, and then shifted into increases after the 2000s. The findingprovides a metric for assessing the capability of climate models andguidance of seasonal prediction.

hydrology and earth system sciences

The precipitation variability of the wet and dry season at the interannual and interdecadal scales over eastern China (1901–2016): the impacts of the Pacific Ocean