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. While groundwater recharge is one of the most prominently coveredsubjects in hydrogeology, the spatial distribution of recharge has beengiven relatively little attention, especially in semi-arid, karsticaquifers. Under conditions of highly diverse geology, relief, vegetation andland use, the complexity and variability of spatially distributedhydrological processes remains a challenge in many regions around the world.This is particularly true for hitherto ungauged basins, such as Wadi Natuf,a 103  km2 large karstic Eastern Mediterranean watershed in thePalestinian upstream mountain and recharge area of the Western Aquifer Basin(WAB), which is shared with Israel in the coastal plain. In this first in aseries of two papers, distributed recharge is estimated and represented,based on 7 years of extensive field observations and measurements andbased conceptually on observable physical landscape features such asgeology, land use and land cover (LU/LC) and especially soil conditions. Forthe first time in the WAB, a forward calculated soil moisture andpercolation model (SMSP) was set up with parameters directly gained fromfield observations. The model was parameterised in a strictly parsimoniousmanner, as a one-dimensional model (a.k.a. “tank”, bucket or box model). This isbased on dominant hydrological processes, in particular saturation excess inthe soil column, and identifying patterns of linkage between differentlandscape features. Average soil thickness was encountered at the range ofdecimetres, rarely above one metre. Both soil thickness and LU/LC features,such as terraced olive groves or forests as well as grassland or barren rock outcrops,were found to be highly formation specific. This linkage allowed us tofurther simplify the model and its requirements in a realistic manner foreight soil moisture stations, chosen at six different geological formationswith typical soil and LU/LC representations. The main result of the modelwas the determination of formation-specific recharge coefficients, spatiallyranging between 0 % and almost 60 % of annual rainfall or up to 300  mm a−1 in Wadi Natuf's climate. The karstified main aquifers showed rechargecoefficients (RC) above 40 % and even the less prominent slightlyaquitardal local aquifers reached RC values above 30 %. The model wasseparately tested on two conceptual levels: on the level of basin form(soil moisture) and basin response (signatures of peak recharge and localspring discharge events) under well-controlled conditions in isolatedsub-catchments. In principle, our approach is applicable in many of thescarcely gauged karstic groundwater basins around the world with a highlydiverse landscape and geology.

Field-based estimation and modelling of distributed groundwater recharge in a Mediterranean karst catchment, Wadi Natuf, West Bank