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. We revisit and shed light on the millennium-old hydrogeology textbook The Extraction of Hidden Waters by the Persian mathematician and engineerKaraji. Despite the nature of the understanding and conceptualization of theworld by the people of that time, ground-breaking ideas and descriptions ofhydrological and hydrogeological perceptions such as components ofhydrological cycle, groundwater quality and even driving factors forgroundwater flow were presented in the book. Although some of these ideasmay have been presented elsewhere, to the best of our knowledge, this is thefirst time that a whole book was focused on different aspects of hydrologyand hydrogeology. More importantly, we are impressed that the book is composed in a way that covered all aspects that are related to an engineering project, including technical and construction issues, guidelinesfor maintenance, and final delivery of the project when the development andconstruction were over. We speculate that Karaji's book is the first of itskind to provide a construction and maintenance manual for an engineeringproject.

hydrology and earth system sciences

The millennium-old hydrogeology textbook &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;The Extraction of Hidden Waters&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; by the Persian mathematician and engineer Abubakr Mohammad Karaji (953 CE–1029 CE)