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Abstract. The study objective was to develop and use the Water-Energy-FoodNexus Phosphate (WEF-P) Tool to evaluate the impact of Morocco's phosphateindustry on water, energy, and food sectors of Khouribga, which is the representativephosphate mining region of Morocco. The developed WEF-P Tool enabled atrade-off analysis based on integrating supply-chain processes,transportation, and water–energy footprints of the region. Field data fromthe mining to transportation processes were collected and applied topossible supply-chain scenarios in accordance with the type of product(phosphate rock and slurry). The potential impacts of the scenarios wereconsidered in terms of the water supply in the agricultural areas. Theanalysis of the positive impacts of dynamic management suggests thatseasonal management of phosphate production (less during the irrigatedseason, more during wetter or rainier seasons) is more effective. Additionally,while the transport of raw phosphate slurry through a pipeline increased thetotal water required to 34.6×106 m3, which is an increase of76 % over the “business as usual” (BAU) scenario, it also resulted in anenergy savings of nearly 80 % over BAU: slurry transport requires only40.5×106 L of fossil fuel instead of the 204×106 Lrequired to transport rocks. During the dry or “water-scarce” irrigationseason (May to July), total groundwater use decreased from 5.8×106 to 5.2×106 m3. Dynamic management of the phosphate industrycan also save 143 MWh (megawatt-hour) of electricity annually and can bring a reduction of 117 t of CO2 emissions. Making water available at the correct season andlocation requires analysis of complex scientific, technical,socioeconomic, regulatory, and political issues. The WEF-P Tool canassist by assessing user-created scenarios; thus, it is an effectivemanagement-decision aid for ensuring more sustainable use of limitedresources and increased reliability of water resources for both agriculturaland industrial use. This study on the applications of WEF Nexus to thephosphate industry offers a roadmap for other industrial application forwhich trade-offs between the primary resources must be considered.

A Water-Energy-Food Nexus approach for conducting trade-off analysis: Morocco's phosphate industry in the Khouribga region