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. The invasion of aquifer microbial communities by abovegroundmicroorganisms, a phenomenon known as community coalescence, is likely to beexacerbated in groundwaters fed by stormwater infiltration systems (SISs).Here, the incidence of this increased connectivity with upslope soils andimpermeabilized surfaces was assessed through a meta-analysis of 16S rRNAgene libraries. Specifically, DNA sequences encoding 16S rRNA V5-V6 regions from free-livingand attached aquifer bacteria (i.e., water and biofilm samples) wereanalysed upstream and downstream of a SIS and compared with those frombacterial communities from watershed runoffs and surface sediments from theSIS detention and infiltration basins. Significant bacterial transfers wereinferred by the SourceTracker Bayesian approach, with 23 % to 57 % of theaquifer bacterial biofilms being composed of taxa from aboveground sedimentsand urban runoffs. Sediments from the detention basin were found moresignificant contributors of taxa involved in the buildup of these biofilmsthan soils from the infiltration basin. Inferred taxa among the coalescedbiofilm community were predicted to be high in hydrocarbon degraders such asSphingobium and Nocardia. The 16S rRNA-based bacterial community structure of the downstream-SISaquifer waters showed lower coalescence with aboveground taxa (8 % to 38 %)than those of biofilms and higher numbers of taxa predicted to be involvedin the N and S cycles. A DNA marker named tpm enabled the tracking ofbacterial species from 24 genera including Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Xanthomonas, among thesecommunities. Several tpm sequence types were found to be shared between theaboveground and aquifer samples. Reads related to Pseudomonas were allocated to 50species, of which 16 were found in the aquifer samples. Several of theseaquifer species were found to be involved in denitrification but alsohydrocarbon degradation (P. aeruginosa, P. putida and P. fluorescens). Some tpm sequence types allocated to P. umsongensis and P. chengduensis werefound to be enriched among the tpm-harbouring bacteria, respectively, of theaquifer biofilms and waters. Reads related to Aeromonas were allocated to 11species, but only those from A. caviae were recovered aboveground and in the aquifersamples. Some tpm sequence types of the X. axonopodis phytopathogen  were recorded in higherproportions among the tpm-harbouring bacteria of the aquifer waters than in theaboveground samples. A significant coalescence of microbial communities froman urban watershed with those of an aquifer was thus observed, and recentaquifer biofilms were found to be significantly colonized by runoff-opportunistic taxa able to use urban C sources from abovegroundcompartments.

Coalescence of bacterial groups originating from urban runoffs and artificial infiltration systems among aquifer microbiomes