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. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) reflection tomography algorithms allownon-invasive monitoring of water content changes resulting from flow in thevadose zone. The approach requires multi-offset GPR data that aretraditionally slow to collect. We automate GPR data collection to reduce thesurvey time significantly, thereby making this approach to hydrologicmonitoring feasible. The method was evaluated using numerical simulationsand laboratory experiments that suggest reflection tomography can providewater content estimates to within 5 % vol vol −1 –10 % vol vol −1 for thesynthetic studies, whereas the empirical estimates were typically within5 %–15 % of measurements from in situ probes. Both studies show largerobserved errors in water content near the periphery of the wetting front,beyond which additional reflectors were not present to provide datacoverage. Overall, coupling automated GPR data collection with reflectiontomography provides a new method for informing models of subsurfacehydrologic processes and a new method for determining transient 2-D soilmoisture distributions.

Reflection tomography of time-lapse GPR data for studying dynamic unsaturated flow phenomena