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. In this study, we explored the spatio-temporal variability of surfacesaturation within a forested headwater catchment using a combinedsimulation–observation approach. We simulated the occurrence of surfacesaturation in the Weierbach catchment (Luxembourg) with the physically based model HydroGeoSphere. We confronted the simulation with thermal infraredimages that we acquired during a 2-year mapping campaign for sevendistinct riparian areas with weekly to biweekly recurrence frequency.Observations and simulations showed similar saturation dynamics across thecatchment. The observed and simulated relation of surface saturation tocatchment discharge resembled a power law relationship for all investigatedriparian areas but varied to a similar extent, as previously observedbetween catchments of different morphological and topographicalcharacteristics. The observed spatial patterns and frequencies of surfacesaturation varied between and within the investigated areas and the modelreproduced these spatial variations well. The good performance of thesimulation suggested that surface saturation in the Weierbach catchment islargely controlled by exfiltration of groundwater into local topographicdepressions. However, the simulated surface saturation contracted fasterthan observed, the simulated saturation dynamics were less variable betweenthe investigated areas than observed, and the match of simulated andobserved saturation patterns was not equally good in all investigatedriparian areas. These mismatches between observations and simulationhighlight that the intra-catchment variability of surface saturation mustalso result from factors that were not considered in the model set-up, suchas differing subsurface structures or a differing persistence of surfacesaturation due to local morphological features like perennial springs.

hydrology and earth system sciences

Intra-catchment variability of surface saturation – insights from physically based simulations in comparison with biweekly thermal infrared image observations