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. This study documents the development of a semi-distributed hydrologicalmodel aimed at reflecting the dominant controls on observed streamflowspatial variability. The process is presented through the case study of theThur catchment (Switzerland, 1702 km 2 ), an alpine and pre-alpinecatchment where streamflow (measured at 10 subcatchments) has differentspatial characteristics in terms of amounts, seasonal patterns, and dominance of baseflow. In order to appraise the dominant controls onstreamflow spatial variability and build a model that reflects them, wefollow a two-stage approach. In a first stage, we identify the mainclimatic or landscape properties that control the spatial variability ofstreamflow signatures. This stage is based on correlation analysis,complemented by expert judgement to identify the most plausible cause–effectrelationships. In a second stage, the results of the previous analysis areused to develop a set of model experiments aimed at determining anappropriate model representation of the Thur catchment. These experimentsconfirm that only a hydrological model that accounts for the heterogeneityof precipitation, snow-related processes, and landscape features such asgeology produces hydrographs that have signatures similar to the observedones. This model provides consistent results in space–time validation,which is promising for predictions in ungauged basins. The presentedmethodology for model building can be transferred to other case studies,since the data used in this work (meteorological variables, streamflow,morphology, and geology maps) are available in numerous regions around theglobe.

hydrology and earth system sciences

Understanding dominant controls on streamflow spatial variability to set up a semi-distributed hydrological model: the case study of the Thur catchment