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. Climate warming is changing streamflow regimes and groundwater storage incold alpine regions. In this study, the Yangbajain headwater catchmentin the Lhasa River basin is adopted as the study area to assessstreamflow changes and active groundwater storage in response to climatewarming. The results show that both annual streamflow and the mean airtemperature increase significantly at respective rates of about 12.30 mm per decade and 0.28  ∘ C per decade from 1979 to 2013 in the study area. The results of grayrelational analysis indicate that the air temperature acts as a primaryfactor for the increased streamflow. Due to climate warming, the totalglacier volume has retreated by over 25 % during the past 50 years, andthe areal extent of permafrost has degraded by 15.3 % over the last 20 years. Parallel comparisons with other subbasins in the Lhasa River basinindirectly reveal that the increased streamflow at the Yangbajain Station ismainly fed by the accelerated glacier retreat. Using baseflow recessionanalysis, we also find that the estimated groundwater storage that iscomparable with the GRACE data increases significantly at rates of about19.32 mm per decade during the abovementioned period. That is to say, as permafrost thaws, morespaces have been made available to accommodate the increasing meltwater. Finally,a large water imbalance (of more than  5.79×107  m 3  a −1 )between the melt-derived runoff and the actual increase in runoff as wellas the groundwater storage is also observed. The results from this studysuggest that the impacts of glacial retreat andpermafrost degradation show compound behaviors on the storage–dischargemechanism due to climate warming, and that this fundamentally affects the water supply and the mechanismsof streamflow generation and change.

Understanding the effects of climate warming on streamflow and active groundwater storage in an alpine catchment: the upper Lhasa River