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. The behavior of every catchment is unique. Still, we seek for ways toclassify them as this helps to improve hydrological theories. In this study,we use hydrological signatures that were recently identified as those withthe highest spatial predictability to cluster 643 catchments from the CAMELSdataset. We describe the resulting clusters concerning their behavior,location and attributes. We then analyze the connections between theresulting clusters and the catchment attributes and relate this to theco-variability of the catchment attributes in the eastern and western US. Toexplore whether the observed differences result from clustering catchmentsby either climate or hydrological behavior, we compare the hydrologicalclusters to climatic ones. We find that for the overall dataset climate isthe most important factor for the hydrological behavior. However, dependingon the location, either aridity, snow or seasonality has the largestinfluence. The clusters derived from the hydrological signatures partlyfollow ecoregions in the US and can be grouped into four main behaviortrends. In addition, the clusters show consistent low flow behavior, eventhough the hydrological signatures used describe high and mean flows only.We can also show that most of the catchments in the CAMELS dataset have alow range of hydrological behaviors, while some more extreme catchmentsdeviate from that trend. In the comparison of climatic and hydrologicalclusters, we see that the widely used Koppen–Geiger climate classificationis not suitable to find hydrologically similar catchments. However, incomparison with novel, hydrologically based continuous climateclassifications, some clusters follow the climate classification verydirectly, while others do not. From those results, we conclude that thesignal of the climatic forcing can be found more explicitly in the behaviorof some catchments than in others. It remains unclear if this is caused by ahigher intra-catchment variability of the climate or a higher influence ofother catchment attributes, overlaying the climate signal. Our findingssuggest that very different sets of catchment attributes and climate cancause very similar hydrological behavior of catchments – a sort ofequifinality of the catchment response.

Using hydrological and climatic catchment clusters to explore drivers of catchment behavior