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. Accurately capturing the complex soil-water and groundwater interactions isvital for describing the coupling between subsurface–surface–atmosphericsystems in regional-scale models. The nonlinearity of Richards' equation (RE)for water flow, however, introduces numerical complexity to largeunsaturated–saturated modeling systems. An alternative is to use quasi-3-Dmethods with a feedback coupling scheme to practically join sub-models withdifferent properties, such as governing equations, numerical scales,and dimensionalities. In this work, to reduce the nonlinearity in the couplingsystem, two different forms of RE are switched according to the soil-watercontent at each numerical node. A rigorous multi-scale water balance analysisis carried out at the phreatic interface to link the soil-water andgroundwater models at separated spatial and temporal scales. For problemswith dynamic groundwater flow, the nontrivial coupling errors introduced bythe saturated lateral fluxes are minimized with a moving-boundary approach.It is shown that the developed iterative feedback coupling scheme results insignificant error reduction and is numerically efficient for capturingdrastic flow interactions at the water table, especially with dynamic localgroundwater flow. The coupling scheme is developed into a new HYDRUS packagefor MODFLOW, which is applicable to regional-scale problems.

Capturing soil-water and groundwater interactions with an iterative feedback coupling scheme: new HYDRUS package for MODFLOW