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. Here we for the first time present a nationwide characterization of flood hazards across China. Our analysis is based on an exceptional dataset of 1120 stream gauging stations with continuous records of annual flood peaks for at least 50 years across the entire country. Our results are organized by centering on various aspects of flood peak distributions, including temporal changes in flood series and their spatial variations, the statistical distribution of extreme values, and the properties of storms that lead to annual flood peaks. These aspects altogether contribute to an improved understanding of flood hydrology under a changing environment over China and promote advances in flood science at the global scale. Historical changes in annual flood peaks demonstrate frequent abrupt changes rather than slowly varying trends. The dominance of decreasing annual flood peak magnitudes indicates a weakening tendency of flood hazards over China in recent decades. We model the upper tails of flood peaks based on the generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions. The GEV shape parameter is weakly dependent on drainage area, but it shows spatial splits tied to rainfall climatology between northern and southern China. Landfalling tropical cyclones play an important role in characterizing the upper-tail properties of flood peak distributions especially in northern China and southeastern coast, while the upper tails of flood peaks are dominated by extreme monsoon rainfall in southern China. Severe flood hazards associated with landfalling tropical cyclones are characterized by complex interactions of storm circulations with synoptic environments (i.e., mid-latitude baroclinic disturbances) and regional topography.

On the flood peak distributions over China