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. This study combines major ion and isotope chemistry, age tracers,fracture density characterizations, and physical hydrology measurements tounderstand how the structure of the critical zone (CZ) influences itsfunction, including water routing, storage, mean water residence times, andhydrologic response. In a high elevation rhyolitic tuff catchment in theJemez River Basin Critical Zone Observatory (JRB-CZO) within the VallesCaldera National Preserve (VCNP) of northern New Mexico, a periodic precipitationpattern creates different hydrologic flow regimes during spring snowmelt,summer monsoon rain, and fall storms. Hydrometric, geochemical, and isotopicanalyses of surface water and groundwater from distinct stores, most notablyshallow groundwater that is likely a perched aquifer in consolidatedcollapse breccia and deeper groundwater in a fractured tuff aquifer system,enabled us to untangle the interactions of these groundwater stores andtheir contribution to streamflow across 1 complete water year (WY). Despite seasonal differences in groundwater response due to waterpartitioning, major ion chemistry indicates that deep groundwater from thehighly fractured site is more representative of groundwater contributing tostreamflow across the entire water year. Additionally, the comparison ofstreamflow and groundwater hydrographs indicates a hydraulic connectionbetween the fractured welded tuff aquifer system and streamflow, while theshallow aquifer within the collapse breccia deposit does not show this sameconnection. Furthermore, analysis of age tracers and oxygen ( δ18O ) and stable hydrogen ( δ2H ) isotopes of waterindicates that groundwater is a mix of modern and older waters rechargedfrom snowmelt, and downhole neutron probe surveys suggest that water movesthrough the vadose zone both by vertical infiltration and subsurface lateralflow, depending on the lithology. We find that in complex geologic terrain likethat of the JRB-CZO, differences in the CZ architecture of two hillslopes withina headwater catchment control water stores and routing through thesubsurface and suggest that shallow groundwater does not contributesignificantly to streams, while deep fractured aquifer systems contributemost to streamflow.

Distinct stores and the routing of water in the deep critical zone of a snow-dominated volcanic catchment