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. This study presents an integrated approach to evaluate inundationrisks, in which an algorithm is proposed to integrate the storm watermanagement model (SWMM) into a geographical information system (GIS). Theproposed algorithm simulates the flood inundation of overland flows and inmetro stations for each designed scenario. It involves the following stages:(i) determination of the grid location and spreading coefficient and (ii) aniterative calculation of the spreading process. In addition, an equation isproposed to calculate the inundation around a metro station and to predictthe potential inundation risks of the metro system. The proposed method isapplied to simulate the inundation risk of the metro system in the urbancentre of Shanghai under 50-year, 100-year, and 500-year rainfallintensities. Both inundation extent and depth are obtained and the proposedmethod is validated with records of historical floods. The resultsdemonstrate that in the case of a 500-year rainfall intensity, the inundatedarea with a water depth excess of 300 mm covers up to 5.16 km 2 . Inaddition, four metro stations are inundated to a depth of over 300 mm.

hydrology and earth system sciences

Inundation analysis of metro systems with the storm water management model incorporated into a geographical information system: a case study in Shanghai