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. Satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) are prone to bias as they are indirectderivatives of the visible, infrared, and/or microwave cloud properties,and hence SREs need correction. We evaluate the influence of elevation anddistance from large-scale open water bodies on bias for Climate PredictionCenter-MORPHing (CMORPH) rainfall estimates in the Zambezi basin. Theeffectiveness of five linear/non-linear and time–space-variant/-invariantbias-correction schemes was evaluated for daily rainfall estimates andclimatic seasonality. The schemes used are spatio-temporal bias (STB),elevation zone bias (EZ), power transform (PT), distribution transformation(DT), and quantile mapping based on an empirical distribution (QME). Weused daily time series (1998–2013) from 60 gauge stations and CMORPH SREsfor the Zambezi basin. To evaluate the effectiveness of the bias-correctionschemes spatial and temporal cross-validation was applied based on eightstations and on the 1998–1999 CMORPH time series, respectively. Forcorrection, STB and EZ schemes proved to be more effective in removing bias.STB improved the correlation coefficient and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency by 50 % and 53 %, respectively, and reduced the root mean squared differenceand relative bias by 25 % and 33 %, respectively. Paired t tests showedthat there is no significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in the dailymeans of CMORPH against gauge rainfall after bias correction. ANOVA post hoctests revealed that the STB and EZ bias-correction schemes are preferable.Bias is highest for very light rainfall (&lt; 2.5 mm d−1), forwhich most effective bias reduction is shown, in particular for the wetseason. Similar findings are shown through quantile–quantile (q–q) plots.The spatial cross-validation approach revealed that most bias-correction schemes removed bias by &gt; 28 %. The temporalcross-validation approach showed effectiveness of the bias-correctionschemes. Taylor diagrams show that station elevation has an influence onCMORPH performance. Effects of distance &gt; 10 km from large-scaleopen water bodies are minimal, whereas effects at shorter distances areindicated but are not conclusive for a lack of rain gauges. Findings of this studyshow the importance of applying bias correction to SREs.

Performance of bias-correction schemes for CMORPH rainfall estimates in the Zambezi River basin