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. This study evaluated the influence oflow-frequency oscillations, that are linked to large-scaleoceanographic–atmospheric processes, on streamflow variability in smalltropical coastal mountain rivers of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,Colombia. We used data from six rivers that had > 32 years ofcomplete, continuous monthly streamflow records. This investigation employedspectral analyses to (1) explore temporal characteristics of streamflowvariability, (2) estimate the net contribution to the energy spectrum oflow-frequency oscillations to streamflow anomalies, and (3) analyze thelinkages between streamflow anomalies and large-scale, low-frequencyoceanographic–atmospheric processes. Wavelet analyses indicate that the8–12-year component exhibited a quasi-stationary state, with a peak ofmaximum power between 1985 and 2005. These oscillations were nearly in phasein all rivers. Maximum power peaks occurred for the Palomino and Rancheriarivers in 1985 and 1995, respectively. The wavelet spectrum highlights achange in river variability patterns between 1995 and 2015, characterized bya shift towards the low-frequency oscillations' domain (8–12 years). The netcontribution of these oscillations to the energy spectrum was as high as51 %, a value much larger than previously thought for rivers innorthwestern South America. The simultaneous occurrence of hydrologicoscillations, as well as the increase in the amplitude of the 8–12-yearband, defined periods of extremely anomalous wet seasons during 1989–1990,1998–2002 and 2010–2011, reflecting the role of low-frequency oscillationsin modulating streamflow variability in these rivers. Cross-wavelet transformand wavelet coherence revealed high common powers and significant coherencesin low-frequency bands ( >96  months) between streamflow anomalies andAtlantic Meridional Oscillation (AMO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) andthe Tropical North Atlantic Index (TNA). These results show the role oflarge-scale, low-frequency oceanographic–climate processes in modulating thelong-term hydrological variability of these rivers.

hydrology and earth system sciences

Contribution of low-frequency climatic–oceanic oscillations to streamflow variability in small, coastal rivers of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia)