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Abstract. In light of climate change and growing numbers of peopleinhabiting riverine floodplains, worldwide demand for flood protection isincreasing, typically through engineering approaches such as more and biggerlevees. However, the well-documented “levee effect” of increasedfloodplain use following levee construction or enhancement often results inincreased problems, especially when levees fail or are compromised by bigflood events. Herein, we argue that there are also unintended socio-economicand ecological consequences of traditional engineering solutions that needto be better considered, communicated and weighed against alternativesolutions. Socio-economic consequences include reduced aesthetic andrecreational values as well as increased downstream flooding risk andreduced ecosystem services. Ecological consequences include hydraulicdecoupling, loss of biodiversity and increased risk of contamination duringflooding. In addition, beyond river losses of connectivity and naturalriparian vegetation created by levees, changes in groundwater levels andincreased greenhouse gas emissions are likely. Because flood protectionrequires huge financial investments and results in major and persistentchanges to the landscape, more balanced decisions that involve allstakeholders and policymakers should be made in the future. This requires atransdisciplinary approach that considers alternative solutions such asgreen infrastructure and places emphasis on integrated flood managementrather than on reliance on technical protection measures.

HESS Opinions: Socio-economic and ecological trade-offs of flood management – benefits of a transdisciplinary approach