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. This article reports the results of three field campaigns conducted inLake Issyk-Kul in 2015, 2016, and 2017. During the campaigns, CTD profilingand water sampling were performed at 34 locations all over the lake. Atotal of 75 CTD profiles were obtained. Some biogeochemical and thermohalineparameters at the lake surface were also mapped at high horizontal resolutionalong the ship's track. In addition, thermistor chains were deployed at threemooring stations in the eastern littoral region of the lake, yielding147-day-long records of temperature data. The measurements revealed that – whilethe thermal state of the active layer, as well as some biogeochemicalcharacteristics, were subject to significant interannual variability mediatedby atmospheric forcing – the haline structure of the entire lake wasremarkably stable at the interannual scale. Our data do not confirm thereports of progressive warming of the deep Issyk-Kul waters as suggested insome previous publications. However, they do indicate a positive trend ofsalinity in the lake's interior over the last 3 decades. A noteworthy newlyfound feature is a weak but persistent salinity maximum below the thermoclineat a depth of 70–120 m, from where salinity slightly decreased downwards.The data from the moored thermistor chains support the previously publishedhypothesis about the significant role of the submerged ancient riverbeds on theeastern shelf in advecting littoral waters into the deep portion of the lakeduring differential cooling period. We hypothesize that the less salinelittoral water penetrating into the deep layers due to this mechanism isresponsible for the abovementioned features of salinity profile, and wesubstantiate this hypothesis by estimates based on simple model assumptions.

New profiling and mooring records help to assess variability of Lake Issyk-Kul and reveal unknown features of its thermohaline structure