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. Groundwater-dependent vegetation is globally distributed, having importantecological, social, and economic value.Along with the groundwater resources upon which it depends, this vegetationis under increasing threat through excessive rates of groundwater extraction. In this study we examined one shallow-rooted and two deep-rooted tree speciesat multiple sites along a naturally occurring gradient indepth-to-groundwater. We measured (i) stable isotope ratios of leaves( δ13C ), xylem, and groundwater ( δ2H and δ18O ); and (ii) leaf-vein density. We established that foliardiscrimination of 13C ( Δ13C ) is a reliable indicatorof groundwater use by vegetation and can also be used to estimate rootingdepth. Through comparison with a continental-scale assessment of foliar Δ13C , we also estimated the upper limits to annual rates ofgroundwater use. We conclude that maximum rooting depth for both deep-rootedspecies ranged between 9.4 and 11.2 m and that annual rates of groundwateruse ranged from ca. 1400 to 1700 mm for Eucalyptus camaldulensisand from 600 to 900 mm for Corymbia opaca. Several predictionsabout hydraulic and leaf traits arising from the conclusion that these twospecies made extensive use of groundwater were supported by additionalindependent studies of these species in central Australia.

hydrology and earth system sciences

Speculations on the application of foliar &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;13&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;C discrimination to reveal groundwater dependency of vegetation and provide estimates of root depth and rates of groundwater use