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. Streamflow in south-central Chile (SCC, ∼  37–42 ∘  S) is vitalfor agriculture, forestry production, hydroelectricity, and humanconsumption. Recent drought episodes have generated hydrological deficitswith damaging effects on these activities. This region is projected toundergo major reductions in water availability, concomitant with projectedincreases in water demand. However, the lack of long-term records hampers thedevelopment of accurate estimations of natural variability and trends. Inorder to provide more information on long-term streamflow variability andtrends in SCC, here we report findings of an analysis of instrumental recordsand a tree-ring reconstruction of the summer streamflow of the Rio Imperial( ∼  37 ∘  40 ′  S–38 ∘  50 ′  S). This is the firstreconstruction in Chile targeted at this season. Results from theinstrumental streamflow record ( ∼  1940 onwards) indicated that thehydrological regime is fundamentally pluvial with a small snowmeltcontribution during spring, and evidenced a decreasing trend, both for thesummer and the full annual record. The reconstruction showed that streamflowbelow the average characterized the post-1980 period, with more frequent, butnot more intense, drought episodes. We additionally found that the recentpositive phase of the Southern Annular Mode has significantly influencedstreamflow. These findings agree with previous studies, suggesting a robustregional signal and a shift to a new hydrological scenario. In this paper, wealso discuss implications of these results for water managers andstakeholders; we provide rationale and examples that support the need for theincorporation of tree-ring reconstructions into water resources management.

Dendrohydrology and water resources management in south-central Chile: lessons from the Río Imperial streamflow reconstruction