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. Quantification of surface water storage in extensive floodplainsand their dynamics are crucial for a better understanding of globalhydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we present estimatesof both surface water extent and storage combining multi-missionremotely sensed observations and their temporal evolution over more than 15 yearsin the Mackenzie Delta. The Mackenzie Delta is located in the northwest of Canada and is the second largest delta in the Arctic Ocean. The deltais frozen from October to May and the recurrent ice break-up provokes anincrease in the river's flows. Thus, this phenomenon causes intensive floodsalong the delta every year, with dramatic environmental impacts. In thisstudy, the dynamics of surface water extent and volume are analysed from 2000to 2015 by combining multi-satellite information from MODIS multispectralimages at 500 m spatial resolution and river stages derived from ERS-2(1995–2003), ENVISAT (2002–2010) and SARAL (since 2013) altimetry data. Thesurface water extent (permanent water and flooded area) peaked in June withan area of 9600 km 2 ( ± 200 km 2 ) onaverage, representing approximately 70 % of the delta's total surface.Altimetry-based water levels exhibit annual amplitudes ranging from 4 m inthe downstream part to more than 10 m in the upstream part of the MackenzieDelta. A high overall correlation between the satellite-derived and in situwater heights ( R  > 0.84) is found for the three altimetry missions.Finally, using altimetry-based water levels and MODIS-derived surface waterextents, maps of interpolated water heights over the surface water extentsare produced. Results indicate a high variability of the water heightmagnitude that can reach 10 m compared to the lowest water height in theupstream part of the delta during the flood peak in June. Furthermore, thetotal surface water volume is estimated and shows an annual variation ofapproximately 8.5 km 3 during the whole study period, with a maximum of14.4 km 3 observed in 2006. The good agreement between the total surfacewater volume retrievals and in situ river discharges ( R=  0.66) allowsfor validation of this innovative multi-mission approach and highlights the highpotential to study the surface water extent dynamics.

Quantification of surface water volume changes in the Mackenzie Delta using satellite multi-mission data