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The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Indus,\udGanges, and Brahmaputra river basins (IRB, GRB, and BRB respectively) in the\udSouth Asian region was investigated. The 3-dimensional model FLEXPART v9.0\udwas utilized. An important advantage of this model is that it permits the\udcomputation of the freshwater budget on air parcel trajectories both backward and forward\udin time from 0.1 to 1000 hPa in the atmospheric vertical column.\udThe analysis was conducted for the westerly precipitation regime (WPR)\ud(November–April) and the monsoonal precipitation regime (MPR) (May–October)\udin the period from 1981 to 2015. The main terrestrial and oceanic climatological\udmoisture sources for the IRB, GRB, and BRB and their contribution to\udprecipitation over the basins were identified. For the three basins, the most\udimportant moisture sources for precipitation are (i) in the continental\udregions, the land masses to the west of the basins (in this case called western Asia), the Indian region (IR), and the basin itself, and (ii) from the ocean,\udthe utmost sources being the Indian Ocean (IO) and the Bay of Bengal (BB), and\udit is remarkable that despite the amount of moisture reaching the Indus and\udGanges basins from land sources, the moisture supply from the IO seems to be\udfirst associated with the rapid increase or\uddecrease in precipitation over the\udsources in the MPR. The technique of the composites was used to analyse how\udthe moisture uptake values spatially vary from the sources (the budget of\udevaporation minus precipitation (<i>E</i> − <i>P</i>) was computed in a backward experiment\udfrom the basins) but during the pre-onset and pre-demise dates of the\udmonsoonal rainfall over each basin; this confirmed that over the last days of\udthe monsoon at the basins, the moisture uptake areas decrease in the IO. The\udIndian region, the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal,\udand the basins themselves are the main sources of moisture responsible for\udnegative (positive) anomalies of moisture contribution to the basins during\udcomposites of driest (wettest) WPR and MPR

The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins