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Soil moisture plays a critical role in land surface processes and as such\udthere has been a recent increase in the number and resolution of satellite\udsoil moisture observations and the development of land surface process models\udwith ever increasing resolution. Despite these developments, validation and\udcalibration of these products has been limited because of a lack of\udobservations on corresponding scales. A recently developed mobile soil\udmoisture monitoring platform, known as the <q>rover</q>, offers opportunities to\udovercome this scale issue. This paper describes methods, results and testing\udof soil moisture estimates produced using rover surveys on a range of scales\udthat are commensurate with model and satellite retrievals. Our investigation\udinvolved static cosmic-ray neutron sensors and rover surveys across both\udbroad (36 × 36 km at 9 km resolution) and intensive\ud(10 × 10 km at 1 km resolution) scales in a cropping district in\udthe Mallee region of Victoria, Australia. We describe approaches for\udconverting rover survey neutron counts to soil moisture and discuss the\udfactors controlling soil moisture variability. We use independent gravimetric\udand modelled soil moisture estimates collected across both space and time to\udvalidate rover soil moisture products. Measurements revealed that temporal\udpatterns in soil moisture were preserved through time and regression\udmodelling approaches were utilised to produce time series of property-scale\udsoil moisture which may also have applications in calibration and validation\udstudies or local farm management. Intensive-scale rover surveys produced\udreliable soil moisture estimates at 1 km resolution while broad-scale\udsurveys produced soil moisture estimates at 9 km resolution. We conclude\udthat the multiscale soil moisture products produced in this study are well\udsuited to future analysis of satellite soil moisture retrievals and finer-scale soil moisture models

Multiscale soil moisture estimates using static and roving cosmic-ray soil moisture sensors