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Peatland environments provide important ecosystem services including water\udand carbon storage, nutrient processing and retention, and wildlife habitat.\udHowever, these systems and the services they provide have been degraded\udthrough historical anthropogenic agricultural conversion and dewatering\udpractices. Effective wetland restoration requires incorporating site\udhydrology and understanding groundwater discharge spatial patterns.\udGroundwater discharge maintains wetland ecosystems by providing relatively\udstable hydrologic conditions, nutrient inputs, and thermal buffering\udimportant for ecological structure and function; however, a comprehensive\udsite-specific evaluation is rarely feasible for such resource-constrained\udprojects. An improved process-based understanding of groundwater discharge in\udpeatlands may help guide ecological restoration design without the need for\udinvasive methodologies and detailed site-specific investigation.\ud  \udHere we examine a kettle-hole peatland in southeast Massachusetts\udhistorically modified for commercial cranberry farming. During the time of\udour investigation, a large process-based ecological restoration project was\udin the assessment and design phases. To gain insight into the drivers of\udsite hydrology, we evaluated the spatial patterning of groundwater discharge\udand the subsurface structure of the peatland complex using heat-tracing\udmethods and ground-penetrating radar. Our results illustrate that two\udgroundwater discharge processes contribute to the peatland hydrologic\udsystem: diffuse lower-flux marginal matrix seepage and discrete\udhigher-flux preferential-flow-path seepage. Both types of groundwater\uddischarge develop through interactions with subsurface peatland basin\udstructure, often where the basin slope is at a high angle to the regional\udgroundwater gradient. These field observations indicate strong correlation\udbetween subsurface structures and surficial groundwater discharge.\udUnderstanding these general patterns may allow resource managers to more\udefficiently predict and locate groundwater seepage, confirm these using\udremote sensing technologies, and incorporate this information into\udrestoration design for these critical ecosystems

Hydrogeological controls on spatial patterns of groundwater discharge in peatlands