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Precipitation and shortwave radiation play important roles in\udclimatic, hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. Several global and\udregional forcing data sets currently provide historical estimates of these\udtwo variables over China, including the Global Land Data Assimilation System\ud(GLDAS), the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Land Data\udAssimilation System (CLDAS) and the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset\ud(CMFD). The CN05.1 precipitation data set, a gridded analysis based on CMA\udgauge observations, also provides high-resolution historical precipitation\uddata for China. In this study, we present an intercomparison of\udprecipitation and shortwave radiation data from CN05.1, CMFD, CLDAS and\udGLDAS during 2008–2014. We also validate all four data sets against\udindependent ground station observations. All four forcing data sets capture\udthe spatial distribution of precipitation over major land areas of China, although\udCLDAS indicates smaller annual-mean precipitation amounts than CN05.1, CMFD\udor GLDAS. Time series of precipitation anomalies are largely consistent\udamong the data sets, except for a sudden decrease in CMFD after August 2014.\udAll forcing data indicate greater temporal variations relative to the mean\udin dry regions than in wet regions. Validation against independent\udprecipitation observations provided by the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR)\udin the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River indicates that CLDAS\udprovides the most realistic estimates of spatiotemporal variability in\udprecipitation in this region. CMFD also performs well with respect to annual\udmean precipitation, while GLDAS fails to accurately capture much of the\udspatiotemporal variability and CN05.1 contains significant high biases\udrelative to the MWR observations. Estimates of shortwave radiation from CMFD\udare largely consistent with station observations, while CLDAS and GLDAS\udgreatly overestimate shortwave radiation. All three forcing data sets\udcapture the key features of the spatial distribution, but estimates from\udCLDAS and GLDAS are systematically higher than those from CMFD over most of\udmainland China. Based on our evaluation metrics, CLDAS slightly outperforms\udGLDAS. CLDAS is also closer than GLDAS to CMFD with respect to temporal\udvariations in shortwave radiation anomalies, with substantial differences\udamong the time series. Differences in temporal variations are especially\udpronounced south of 34° N. Our findings provide valuable guidance\udfor a variety of stakeholders, including land-surface modelers and data\udproviders

Evaluation of multiple forcing data sets for precipitation and shortwave radiation over major land areas of China