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The heterogeneous movement of liquid water through the snowpack during\udprecipitation and snowmelt leads to complex liquid water distributions that\udare important for avalanche and runoff forecasting. We reproduced the\udformation of capillary barriers and the development of preferential flow\udthrough snow using a three-dimensional water transport model, which was then\udvalidated using laboratory experiments of liquid water infiltration into\udlayered, initially dry snow. Three-dimensional simulations assumed the same\udcolumn shape and size, grain size, snow density, and water input rate as the\udlaboratory experiments. Model evaluation focused on the timing of water\udmovement, thickness of the upper layer affected by ponding, water content\udprofiles and wet snow fraction. Simulation results showed that the model\udreconstructs relevant features of capillary barriers, including ponding in\udthe upper layer, preferential infiltration far from the interface, and the\udtiming of liquid water arrival at the snow base. In contrast, the area of\udpreferential flow paths was usually underestimated and consequently the\udaveraged water content in areas characterized by preferential flow paths was\udalso underestimated. Improving the representation of preferential\udinfiltration into initially dry snow is necessary to reproduce the transition\udfrom a dry-snow-dominant condition to a wet-snow-dominant one, especially in\udlong-period simulations

Liquid water infiltration into a layered snowpack: evaluation of a 3-D water transport model with laboratory experiments