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This work explores the potential of the distributed GEM-Hydro runoff modeling\udplatform, developed at Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) over the\udlast decade. More precisely, the aim is to develop a robust implementation\udmethodology to perform reliable streamflow simulations with a distributed\udmodel over large and partly ungauged basins, in an efficient manner. The\udlatest version of GEM-Hydro combines the SVS (Soil, Vegetation and Snow)\udland-surface scheme and the WATROUTE routing scheme. SVS has never been\udevaluated from a hydrological point of view, which is done here for all major\udrivers flowing into Lake Ontario. Two established hydrological models are\udconfronted to GEM-Hydro, namely MESH and WATFLOOD, which share the same\udrouting scheme (WATROUTE) but rely on different land-surface schemes. All\udmodels are calibrated using the same meteorological forcings, objective\udfunction, calibration algorithm, and basin delineation. GEM-Hydro is shown to\udbe competitive with MESH and WATFLOOD: the NSE  <mo form="infix">√</mo>  (Nash–Sutcliffe\udcriterion computed on the square root of the flows) is for example equal to\ud0.83 for MESH and GEM-Hydro in validation on the Moira River basin, and to\ud0.68 for WATFLOOD. A computationally efficient strategy is proposed to\udcalibrate SVS: a simple unit hydrograph is used for routing instead of\udWATROUTE. Global and local calibration strategies are compared in order to\udestimate runoff for ungauged portions of the Lake Ontario basin. Overall,\udstreamflow predictions obtained using a global calibration strategy, in which\uda single parameter set is identified for the whole basin of Lake Ontario,\udshow accuracy comparable to the predictions based on local calibration: the\udaverage NSE  <mo form="infix">√</mo>  in validation and over seven subbasins is 0.73 and 0.61,\udrespectively for local and global calibrations. Hence, global calibration\udprovides spatially consistent parameter values, robust performance at gauged\udlocations, and reduces the complexity and computation burden of the\udcalibration procedure. This work contributes to the Great Lakes Runoff\udInter-comparison Project for Lake Ontario (GRIP-O), which aims at improving\udLake Ontario basin runoff simulations by comparing different models using the\udsame input forcings. The main outcome of this study consists in a new\udgeneralizable methodology for implementing a distributed hydrologic model\udwith a high computation cost in an efficient and reliable manner, over a\udlarge area with ungauged portions, using global calibration and a unit\udhydrograph to replace the routing component

hydrology and earth system sciences

A hydrological prediction system based on the SVS land-surface scheme: efficient calibration of GEM-Hydro for streamflow simulation over the Lake Ontario basin