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Within China's Loess Plateau there have been concerted\udrevegetation efforts and engineering measures since the 1950s aimed at\udreducing soil erosion and land degradation. As a result, annual streamflow,\udsediment yield, and sediment concentration have all decreased considerably.\udHuman-induced land use/cover change (LUCC) was the dominant factor,\udcontributing over 70 % of the sediment load reduction, whereas the\udcontribution of precipitation was less than 30 %. In this study, we use\ud50-year time series data (1961–2011), showing decreasing trends in the\udannual sediment loads of 15 catchments, to generate spatio-temporal patterns\udin the effects of LUCC and precipitation variability on sediment yield. The\udspace–time variability of sediment yield was expressed notionally as a\udproduct of two factors representing (i) the effect of precipitation and\ud(ii) the fraction of treated land surface area. Under minimal LUCC, the\udsquare root of annual sediment yield varied linearly with precipitation, with\udthe precipitation–sediment load relationship showing coherent spatial\udpatterns amongst the catchments. As the LUCC increased and took effect, the\udchanges in sediment yield pattern depended more on engineering measures and\udvegetation restoration campaign, and the within-year rainfall patterns\ud(especially storm events) also played an important role. The effect of LUCC\udis expressed in terms of a sediment coefficient, i.e., the ratio of annual\udsediment yield to annual precipitation. Sediment coefficients showed a steady\uddecrease over the study period, following a linear decreasing function of the\udfraction of treated land surface area. In this way, the study has brought out\udthe separate roles of precipitation variability and LUCC in controlling\udspatio-temporal patterns of sediment yield at catchment scale

hydrology and earth system sciences

Spatio-temporal patterns of the effects of precipitation variability and land use/cover changes on long-term changes in sediment yield in the Loess Plateau, China