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Although precipitation has been measured for many centuries,\udprecipitation measurements are still beset with significant inaccuracies.\udSolid precipitation is particularly difficult to measure accurately, and\udwintertime precipitation measurement biases between different observing\udnetworks or different regions can\udexceed 100 %. Using precipitation gauge results from the World\udMeteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment\ud(WMO-SPICE), errors in precipitation measurement caused by gauge uncertainty,\udspatial variability in precipitation, hydrometeor type, crystal habit, and\udwind were quantified. The methods used to calculate gauge catch efficiency\udand correct known biases are described. Adjustments, in the form of\ud<q>transfer functions</q> that describe catch efficiency as a function of air\udtemperature and wind speed, were derived using measurements from eight\udseparate WMO-SPICE sites for both unshielded and single-Alter-shielded\udprecipitation-weighing gauges. For the unshielded gauges, the average\udundercatch for all eight sites was 0.50 mm h−1 (34 %), and for the\udsingle-Alter-shielded gauges it was 0.35 mm h−1 (24 %). After\udadjustment, the mean bias for both the unshielded and single-Alter\udmeasurements was within 0.03 mm h−1 (2 %) of zero. The use of\udmultiple sites to derive such adjustments makes these results unique and more\udbroadly applicable to other sites with various climatic conditions. In\udaddition, errors associated with the use of a single transfer function to\udcorrect gauge undercatch at multiple sites were estimated

Analysis of single-Alter-shielded and unshielded measurements of mixed and solid precipitation from WMO-SPICE