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Conceptual hydrological models are preferable for real-time flood\udforecasting, among which the Xin'anjiang (XAJ) model has been widely applied\udin humid and semi-humid regions of China. Although the relatively simple mass\udbalance scheme ensures a good performance of runoff simulation during flood\udevents, the model still has some defects. Previous studies have confirmed the\udimportance of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture content (SMC) in\udrunoff simulation. In order to add more constraints to the original XAJ\udmodel, an energy balance scheme suitable for the XAJ model was developed and\udcoupled with the original mass balance scheme of the XAJ model. The detailed\udparameterizations of the improved model, XAJ-EB, are presented in the first\udpart of this paper. XAJ-EB employs various meteorological forcing and remote\udsensing data as input, simulating ET and runoff yield using a more\udphysically based mass–energy balance scheme. In particular, the energy\udbalance is solved by determining the representative equilibrium temperature\ud(RET), which is comparable to land surface temperature (LST). The XAJ-EB was\udevaluated in the Lushui catchment situated in the middle reach of the Yangtze\udRiver basin for the period between 2004 and 2007. Validation using\udground-measured runoff data proves that the XAJ-EB is capable of reproducing\udrunoff comparable to the original XAJ model. Additionally, RET simulated by\udXAJ-EB agreed well with moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)-retrieved\udLST, which further confirms that the model is able to simulate the\udmass–energy balance since LST reflects the interactions among various\udprocesses. The validation results prove that the XAJ-EB model has superior\udperformance compared with the XAJ model and also extends its\udapplicability

Improving the Xin'anjiang hydrological model based on mass–energy balance