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Bedrock rivers occur where surface water flows along an exposed rock surface.\udFractured sedimentary bedrock can exhibit variable groundwater residence\udtimes, anisotropic flow paths, and heterogeneity, along with diffusive exchange\udbetween fractures and rock matrix. These properties of the rock will affect\udthermal transients in the riverbed and groundwater–surface water exchange. In\udthis study, surface electrical methods were used as a non-invasive technique\udto assess the scale and temporal variability of riverbed temperature and\udgroundwater–surface water interaction beneath a sedimentary bedrock riverbed.\udConditions were monitored at a semi-daily to semi-weekly interval over a full\udannual period that included a seasonal freeze–thaw cycle. Surface\udelectromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)\udmethods captured conditions beneath the riverbed along a pool–riffle sequence\udof the Eramosa River in Canada. Geophysical datasets were accompanied by\udcontinuous measurements of aqueous specific conductance, temperature, and\udriver stage. Time-lapse vertical temperature trolling within a lined borehole\udadjacent to the river revealed active groundwater flow zones along fracture\udnetworks within the upper 10 m of rock. EMI measurements collected during\udcooler high-flow and warmer low-flow periods identified a spatiotemporal\udriverbed response that was largely dependent upon riverbed morphology and\udseasonal groundwater temperature. Time-lapse ERT profiles across the pool and\udriffle sequence identified seasonal transients within the upper 2 and 3 m of\udrock, respectively, with spatial variations controlled by riverbed morphology\ud(pool versus riffle) and dominant surficial rock properties (competent versus\udweathered rock rubble surface). While the pool and riffle both exhibited a\uddynamic resistivity through seasonal cooling and warming cycles, conditions\udbeneath the pool were more variable, largely due to the formation of river ice\udduring the winter season. We show that surface electrical resistivity methods\udhave the capacity to detect and resolve electrical resistivity transience\udbeneath a fractured bedrock riverbed in response to porewater temperature and\udspecific conductance fluctuations over a complete annual cycle

Electrical resistivity dynamics beneath a fractured sedimentary bedrock riverbed in response to temperature and groundwater–surface water exchange