English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

In total, 29 continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) time series\uddata together with data from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)\udare analysed to determine the seasonal displacements of surface loadings in\udthe North China Plain (NCP). Results show significant seasonal variations and\uda strong correlation between GPS and GRACE results in the vertical\uddisplacement component; the average correlation and weighted root-mean-squares (WRMS) reduction between GPS and GRACE are 75.6 and\ud28.9 % respectively, when atmospheric and non-tidal ocean effects were\udremoved, but the annual peak-to-peak amplitude of GPS (1.2–6.3 mm) is\udgreater than the data (1.0–2.2 mm) derived from GRACE. We also calculate\udthe trend rate as well as the seasonal signal caused by the mass load change\udfrom GRACE data; the rate of GRACE-derived terrestrial water storage (TWS)\udloss (after multiplying by the scaling factor) in the NCP was\ud3.39 cm yr−1 (equivalent to 12.42 km3 yr−1) from 2003 to\ud2009. For a 10-year time span (2003 to 2012), the rate loss of TWS was\ud2.57 cm yr−1 (equivalent to 9.41 km3 yr−1), which is\udconsistent with the groundwater storage (GWS) depletion rate (the rate losses\udof GWS were 2.49 and 2.72 cm yr−1 during 2003–2009 and\ud2003–2012 respectively) estimated from GRACE-derived results after removing\udsimulated soil moisture (SM) data from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)/Noah model. We also found that\udGRACE-derived GWS changes are in disagreement with the groundwater level\udchanges from observations of shallow aquifers from 2003 to 2009, especially\udbetween 2010 and 2013. Although the shallow groundwater can be recharged from\udthe annual climate-driven rainfall, the important facts indicate that GWS\uddepletion is more serious in deep aquifers. The GRACE-derived result shows an\udoverall uplift in the whole region at the 0.37–0.95 mm yr−1 level\udfrom 2004 to 2009, but the rate of change direction is inconsistent in\uddifferent GPS stations at the −0.40–0.51 mm yr−1 level from 2010 to\ud2013. Then we removed the vertical rates, which are induced by TWS from\udGPS-derived data, to obtain the corrected vertical velocities caused by\udtectonic movement and human activities. The results show that there are\uduplift areas and subsidence areas in NCP. Almost the whole central and\udeastern region of NCP suffers serious ground subsidence caused by the\udanthropogenic-induced groundwater exploitation in the deep confined aquifers.\udIn addition, the slight ground uplifts in the western region of NCP are\udmainly controlled by tectonic movement (e.g. Moho uplifting or mantle\udupwelling)

Detecting seasonal and long-term vertical displacement in the North China Plain using GRACE and GPS