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Descriptions of soil hydraulic properties, such as the soil moisture retention\udcurve, θ(h), and saturated hydraulic conductivities, Ks, are a prerequisite for hydrological models. Since the\udmeasurement of Ks is expensive, it is frequently derived from\udstatistical pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Because it is usually more difficult to describe\udKs than θ(h) from pedotransfer functions, Pollacco et al. (2013)\uddeveloped a physical unimodal model to compute Ks solely from hydraulic\udparameters derived from the Kosugi θ(h). This unimodal Ks model,\udwhich is based on a unimodal Kosugi soil pore-size distribution, was\uddeveloped by combining the approach of Hagen–Poiseuille with Darcy's law and\udby introducing three tortuosity parameters. We report here on (1) the\udsuitability of the Pollacco unimodal Ks model to predict Ks for a\udrange of New Zealand soils from the New Zealand soil database (S-map) and (2) further adaptations to this model to\udadapt it to dual-porosity structured soils by\udcomputing the soil water flux through a continuous function of an improved\udbimodal pore-size distribution. The improved bimodal Ks model was tested\udwith a New Zealand data set derived from historical measurements of\udKs and θ(h) for a range of soils derived from sandstone and\udsiltstone. The Ks data were collected using a small core size of 10 cm\uddiameter, causing large uncertainty in replicate measurements. Predictions\udof Ks were further improved by distinguishing topsoils from subsoil.\udNevertheless, as expected, stratifying the data with soil texture only\udslightly improved the predictions of the physical Ks models because the\udKs model is based on pore-size distribution and the calibrated\udparameters were obtained within the physically feasible range. The\udimprovements made to the unimodal Ks model by using the new bimodal\udKs model are modest when compared to the unimodal model, which is\udexplained by the poor accuracy of measured total porosity. Nevertheless, the\udnew bimodal model provides an acceptable fit to the observed data. The study\udhighlights the importance of improving Ks measurements with larger\udcores

Saturated hydraulic conductivity model computed from bimodal water retention curves for a range of New Zealand soils