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Under the Grain for Green Project in China, vegetation recoveryconstruction has been widely implemented on the Loess Plateau for thepurpose of soil and water conservation. Now it is becoming controversial whetherthe recovery construction involving vegetation, particularly forest, isreducing the streamflow in the rivers of the Yellow River basin. In this study, we chose the Wei River, the largest branch of the Yellow River, withrevegetated construction area as the study area. To do that, we apply thewidely used Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the upper andmiddle reaches of the Wei River basin. The SWAT model was forced withdaily observed meteorological forcings (1960–2009) calibrated against daily streamflow for 1960–1969, validated for the period of 1970–1979, and used for analysis for 1980–2009. To investigate the impact of LUCC (land use and land cover change) on the streamflow, we firstly use two observed land use maps from 1980 and 2005 that are based on national land survey statisticsmerged with satellite observations. We found that the mean streamflowgenerated by using the 2005 land use map decreased in comparison with thatusing the 1980 one, with the same meteorological forcings. Of particularinterest here is that the streamflow decreased on agricultural land butincreased in forest areas. More specifically, the surface runoff, soil flow,and baseflow all decreased on agricultural land, while the soil flow andbaseflow of forest areas increased. To investigate that, we then designedfive scenarios: (S1) the present land use (1980) and (S2) 10 %,(S3) 20 %, (S4) 40 %, and (S5) 100 % of agricultural land that was converted intomixed forest. We found that the streamflow consistently increased withagricultural land converted into forest by about 7.4 mm per 10 %. Ourmodeling results suggest that forest recovery construction has a positiveimpact on both soil flow and baseflow by compensating for reduced surface runoff, which leads to a slight increase in the streamflow in the Wei River with the mixed landscapes on the Loess Plateau that include earth–rock mountain area

Impact of LUCC on streamflow based on the SWAT model over the Wei River basin on the Loess Plateau in China