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The performance of urban drainage systems is typically examined usinghydrological and hydrodynamic models where rainfall input is uniformlydistributed, i.e., derived from a single or very few rain gauges. When modelsare fed with a single uniformly distributed rainfall realization, theresponse of the urban drainage system to the rainfall variability remainsunexplored. The goal of this study was to understand how climate variabilityand spatial rainfall variability, jointly or individually considered, affectthe response of a calibrated hydrodynamic urban drainage model. A stochasticspatially distributed rainfall generator (STREAP –Space-Time Realizations ofAreal Precipitation) was used to simulate manyrealizations of rainfall for a 30-year period, accounting for both climatevariability and spatial rainfall variability. The generated rainfall ensemblewas used as input into a calibrated hydrodynamic model (EPA SWMM – the USEPA's Storm Water Management Model) to simulatesurface runoff and channel flow in a small urban catchment in the city ofLucerne, Switzerland. The variability of peak flows in response to rainfallof different return periods was evaluated at three different locations in theurban drainage network and partitioned among its sources. The maincontribution to the total flow variability was found to originate from thenatural climate variability (on average over 74 %). In addition, therelative contribution of the spatial rainfall variability to the total flowvariability was found to increase with longer return periods. This suggeststhat while the use of spatially distributed rainfall data can supply valuableinformation for sewer network design (typically based on rainfall with returnperiods from 5 to 15 years), there is a more pronounced relevance whenconducting flood risk assessments for larger return periods. The results showthe importance of using multiple distributed rainfall realizations in urbanhydrology studies to capture the total flow variability in the response ofthe urban drainage systems to heavy rainfall events.</p

Partitioning the impacts of spatial and climatological rainfall variability in urban drainage modeling