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During the last century, many large irrigation projectswere carried out in arid lands worldwide. Despite a tremendous increase infood production, a common problem when characterizing these zones is landdegradation in the form of waterlogging. A clear example of this phenomenonis in the Nubariya depression in the Western Desert of Egypt. Following thereclamation of desert lands for agricultural production, an artificialbrackish and contaminated pond started to develop in the late 1990s, whichat present extends for about 2.5 km<sup>2</sup>. The available data provide evidenceof a simultaneous general deterioration of the groundwater system. An extensive hydrogeophysicalinvestigation was carried out in this challenging environment using magneticresonance sounding (MRS) and ground-based time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) techniques with thefollowing main objectives: (1) understanding the hydrological evolution of the area;(2) characterizing the hydrogeological setting; and (3) developing scenariosforartificial aquifer remediation and recharge. Theintegrated interpretation of the geophysical surveys provided ahydrogeological picture of the upper 100 m sedimentary setting in terms ofboth lithological distribution and groundwater quality. The information isthen used to set up (1) a regional groundwater flow and (2) a localdensity-dependent flow and transport numerical model to reproduce theevolution of the aquifer system and develop a few scenarios for artificialaquifer recharge using the treated water provided by a nearby wastewatertreatment plant. The research outcomes point to the hydrological challengesthat emerge for the effective management of water resources in reclaimeddesert areas, and they highlight the effectiveness of using advancedgeophysical and modeling methodologies

hydrology and earth system sciences

Anthropogenic wetlands due to over-irrigation of desert areas: a challenging hydrogeological investigation with extensive geophysical input from TEM and MRS measurements